The Jazz Singer - 851 Words

The Jazz Singer, released in 1927, is a black and white film that centers on a young man who wishes to conquer his dreams in becoming a professional jazz singer. This film, directed by Alan Crosland, demonstrates new developments from the decade of the 1920’s. During the decade, many new advances; such as the introduction of musicals and other technological advancements, were created. The Jazz Singer utilized these new advances of the decade and incorporated them into each scene. This is evident due to the elements of being the first talkie film, the introduction of the new musical genre and the introduction of the Hollywood stars system. By utilizing the new advances of the decade, Crosland’s film, changed the way cinema would be seen†¦show more content†¦The 1920’s was the era of many new technological developments. Two major breakthroughs were the introduction of sound and musicals in cinema. In the early 1920’s, musicals were very popular in t he theatre and, especially, on Broadway. Therefore, once sound was introduced in films, it was only a matter of time until musicals would be introduced in films. The Jazz Singer is an excellent example of the introduction of both these elements. â€Å"The 1920’s were Broadway’s busiest decade, with as many as fifty new musicals opening in a single season. [...] With so much demand, it was a time of extraordinary artistic development in the musical theatre† (Kenrick). A musical is â€Å"a play or film in which singing and dancing play an essential part† (Definition of musical in English). Because Crosland introduced these elements into his film, he was the first to introduce musicals into the cinema field. â€Å"The huge demand for The Jazz Singer was unexpected, and caused other studios to begin to produce sound films of their own to capitalize on what at the time they saw as a fad† (1920s Movies). The introduction to sound and musicals on screen w as such a big advancement at the time that other studios wanted to invest in the new technology. Finally, The Jazz Singer is a feature film that introduces the new Hollywood stars concept. In the early 1920’s the Hollywood stars system developed; meaning that actors whereShow MoreRelatedThe Jazz Singer1555 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Jazz Singer† Before watching â€Å"The Jazz Singer†, I had no idea of its cultural or historical significance. I learned that it was the first motion picture to have synchronized dialogue and words. It set the precedent for cinematography, live voice recordings, and real-time dialogue. The film was based on a short story written only a few years prior. The story was called â€Å"The Day of Atonement† and was authored by Samson Raphaelson. The short story was then adapted into an onstage musical inRead MoreAnalysis Of The Jazz Singer2060 Words   |  9 PagesBlack shirt, black pants, black hair, blackface. The most provocative scene in the 1927 film, The Jazz Singer, takes places in the dressing room of Jack Robin as he prepares to take the stage for a dress rehearsal of his Broadway show. Jack Robin, formerly Jakie Rabinowitz, is at the height of his struggle with his identity: a white Jew longing to be with his people during the holiest night in his religion but instead preparing to assume the mask a black performer to execute his role in the minstrelRead MoreThe, R B And Jazz Singers1442 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Rage to Survive, The Etta James Story† as told by Etta James, and written by David Ritz, is a biographical telling of the history of the soul singer who, through a series of crashes and comebacks, became one of the most famous blues, RB and jazz singers in history. Born in Los Angeles, California, Etta James, or as a young child known as Jamesetta Hawkins, was born January 25th, 1938 to Ms. Dorothy Hawkins who was just fourteen, and an absent father. This is a solidified fact, the placeRead MoreWarner Brothers And The New Medium Of Radio1377 Words   |  6 Pagessound. Investing money into the Vitaphone, was Sam Warner’s idea; he influenced his brothers to collaborate in expanding a patent on this process that made the â€Å"talkies† (sound motion pictures) feasible. Warner Bros. was a minor studio until The Jazz Sin ger (1927) and The Singing Fool (1928) that starred Al Jolson. According to the article, â€Å"How to Say Things with Songs: Al Jolson, Vitaphone Technology, and the Rhetoric of Warner Bros. in 1929, by Jennifer Fleeger. It states, â€Å"By placing Jolson inRead MoreThe Impact Of Sound On The World Of Sound Cinema965 Words   |  4 Pagescreated by a man named Lee de Forest and Theodore Case in 1923. The Phonofilm, which recorded synchronized sound directly onto film, was used to record a variety of entertainment including vaudeville acts, musical numbers, political speeches and opera singers. Unfortunately, this sound film didn’t last long because it was overshadowed by the sound on disc, later named the Vitaphone. The Vitaphone was developed by Western Electrics Bell Laboratories and quickly acquired by Warner Bros Company in AprilRead MoreHow Sound Developed Changed America During The 1920s Beginning With Silent Films 951 Words   |  4 Pagescould not afford the fees of these large performers. Warner Brothers tested the use of synchronised sound with a series of successful short films in 1926. Following this they released The Jazz Singer (1927), which was a pivotal moment for synchronised sound and was the first â€Å"part-talkie† film. The Jazz Singer used Vitaphone s sound-on-disc for musical numbers performed by American vaudeville star Al Jolson, these closely resembled vaudeville acts the audience would have been familiar with. TheRead MoreThe Jazz Singer : A Jewish American Story Essay1853 Words   |  8 PagesAt its core, The Jazz Singer is ostensibly a Jewish-American story. The central conflict is Jakie Rabinowitz’s heritage, family, and upbringing coming to a head with his chosen career and where his heart lies: performance in an American pop cultural milieu. A reading of the film suggests that although hybridity can be found between the old and the new; the traditional and the modern; they are fundamentally in conflict with each other and cannot co-exist in their established forms: one must supersedeRead MoreThe Golden Age of Hollywood566 Words   |  2 PagesMetro Golden Meyer (MGM), and 20th Century Fox. These five super-studios were not only the highest-grossing, but also produced over 90 percent of America’s films. However, by 1927, the first synchronized-sound movie would be released, titled â€Å"The Jazz Singer.† This movie, produced by Warner Bros. and directed by Alan Crosland, would be dubbed â€Å"talking pictures† or simply a â€Å"talkie.† The movie was made with the Vitaphone system, which was a compact disc with audio that would synchronize with a movieRead MoreAnalysis Of Alan Crosland s The Jazz Singer Essay1831 Words   |  8 Pageslandscape of America, and the very definition of ‘American’ was broadened and made more inclusive, separation and conflict between racial groupings was widespread, and integration and homogenisation never fully materialised. Alan Crosl and’s The Jazz Singer (1927), notability as the first film to feature scenes with synchronised sound aside, is demonstrative of this relationship between racial conflict and cultural hybridity. The 1927 Al Jolson star vehicle’s depictions of the struggle between JewishRead MoreMost Influential Jazz Singer, Billie Holiday693 Words   |  3 Pagescultural movement specifically in creative arts such as music and literature. Jazz represented the flavor and zest of African American culture in the 1920s-1940s. Billie Holiday had a great impact on the Harlem Renaissance because she was one of the most influential jazz singers of all time. She performed with other great jazz musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Teddy Wilson, Jo Jones, and Henry Allen. Her career as a jazz singer was an incredible and thriving one, however, it was shortened because of

Benjamin Franklin and His Contribution to the American...

Benjamin Franklin was one of the most influential men of the eighteenth century. He was the only man to sign all of these four major documents: the Declaration of Independence, the Treaty of Alliance with France, the Constitution of the United States, and the Treaty of Peace with Great Britain. Franklin was an inventor, a philosopher, a writer, a musician, and he actively participated in many congressional articles used by the government of the United States of America. His tombstone, however, simply referred to him as printer, reflecting his great humility. One of the things he was most influential in was the separation of the American colonies from British rule. In fact, Benjamin Franklin was vital to the success of the American†¦show more content†¦However, Franklin realized that this was mostly a declaration of independence from England, which hadnt gained enough support amongst the Americans for Benjamin to force a vote. So, it can be concluded, Franklin was very much a head of his time in writing the Articles as America now uses the proportional representation system when electing officials and Congress eventually wrote a declaration against British rule anyway. Franklin would often go on missions for Congress. The first trip was to Cambridge in October 1775. His second mission was to Canada in March 1776. Throughout the second trip, Franklin became severely ill and, upon his return home, he was bedridden for months. While Franklin was still lying sick in his bed, he was appointed as chairman of a committee whose purpose was to draft a declaration of Americas independence. The committee also included Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman. Jefferson composed the core of the document. When he had finished his first draft, he asked Franklin to make any alterations that he felt necessary. Franklin made a few changes, such as We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable to We hold these truths to be self-evident. On Ju ly 2, the Continental Congress voted for independence. The declaration was passed two days later on July 4. A month later on August 2, the official signing took place. JohnShow MoreRelatedThe Success Of The American Revolution1304 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Revolution not only created freedom but also created technological geniuses. The American Revolution was a time period of warfare, for independence between Britain and the thirteen colonies, but it was also the breakthrough for technological advancements that would change American’s life forever. After every war, the development of a country increases. As for the American Revolution, Benjamin Franklin influenced and created a huge contribution in his politics, scientifical research, andRead MoreBenjamin FranklinS Contributions To The American History1537 Words   |  7 Pages Benjamin Franklin s contributions to the American history Benjamin Franklin has a significant impact to the American Revolution and the building of a new nation. His brilliant inventions throughout his life made a significant impact on the United States and will be remembered for them in U.S history. Franklin had inventions like the Franklins stove, and the lightning rod, he also discovered electricity. His inventions and discoveries have changed lives from the first day it was introduced.Read MoreEssay on Benjamin Franklin: American Diplomat1045 Words   |  5 Pagesworld. Today however, many Americans have forgotten to honor these groups of intellectuals that built this country and refused to rule it. Benjamin Franklin, a famous and respected diplomat in the seventeen hundreds, was one of the most influential founders of this country. As a member of the Benjamin Franklin Birthday Association, I strongly declare a national holiday to honor Franklin because he made numerous achievements for this nation. Since birth, Benjamin Franklin was, without a doubt, a significantRead MoreBenjamin Franklin And The American Revolution1406 Words   |  6 PagesIn the American revolution, several men and women made great sacrifices for the liberty of the thirteen American colonies from British tyranny. Men and women of different walks of life gave their contributions in the forms of literature, propositions, and even their lives. One of these men was Benjamin Franklin. Benjamin Franklin’s life was intertwined with that of America’s life. The more notable of his works is his printed items such as â€Å"Join or die†, The Declaration of Independence and U.S. ConstitutionRead MoreBenjamin Franklin And His Contributions1192 Words   |  5 PagesLandon Schmitt Government, 8th period Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin â€Å"Could someone light a candle I can’t see?† â€Å"Wow I could really use some decent glasses†. These might be typical sayings you would hear had it not of been for one of our founding fathers Benjamin Franklin. I choose Benjamin Franklin to write my essay about Benjamin Franklin because without him and all of his contributions to society then we wouldn’t have the modern convinces that the people of my generation take for grantedRead More An Analysis on Benjamin Franklin Essay example1617 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis on Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706, in Boston. His father, Josiah Franklin, who was a tallow chandler, had seventeen children; Benjamin was the fifteenth child and the tenth son. His mother, Abiah Folger, was his father’s second wife. After he went to grammar school from age eight to ten, Benjamin started working at his father’s business. He didn’t like the work very much, however, and so he began to work for a cutler. WhenRead MoreEssay on ben franklin635 Words   |  3 Pages Ben Franklin Ben Franklin became famous for being a scientist, an inventor, a statesman, a printer, a philosopher, and a librarian. Today, we honor Ben Franklin as one of the men who founded America and as one of Americas greatest citizens. Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston on January 17, 1706. He was the tenth son of soap maker, Josiah Franklin. Though Ben only had one year of schooling he was educated and loved to read and write. He worked as an apprentice to his brother, James, who wasRead MorePocahontas And Benjamin Franklin : Tragic And Historical Events Developed During The Time Of American Colonization871 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica more completely than Pocahontas and Benjamin Franklin. Tragic and historical events developed during the lives of Pocahontas and Benjamin Franklin; although their individual situations required very different reactions, both persevered, therefore granting those who came after them the ability to reflect on America’s beginnings with admiration and pride. During the time of American colonization, tensions between the English and the Native Americans rose exponentially. The New World was newlyRead MoreBenjamin Franklin Was Born In A Boston, House January 17,1057 Words   |  5 PagesBenjamin Franklin was born in a Boston, house January 17, 1706, the tenth son of Abiah Folger, daughter of an indentured servant. His father Josiah Franklin was a candlemaker. He went to Boston’s Latin school when he was 8 where everyone thought he was Harvard bound. When he was 12, he was unsure of his religious beliefs and did not divorce himself to school therefore dropping out. Later recognized as one of our founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin played a major role in the construction of AmericaRead MoreThe Legacy Of The American Revolution894 Words   |  4 Pagesas well. At the time of revolution in America, they had such brave and passionate men like Jefferson, Paine and Benjamin Franklin. They helped in shaping American Independence and the one who stands out in this wonderful company is Benjamin Franklin also known as the â€Å"THE FIRST AMERICAN† he is just not an icon of the American conquest but he is indeed an American Hero. So many acts of heroism are found in his achievements whether it is in the field of politics, science or his long list of accomplishments

Ethical Dilemmas in an Organization Free Sample

Question: What is Ethical dilemmas in an organization ? Answer: Introduction: Ethical dilemma is a complex situation at workplace that the employees and the managers have to face that result in a conflict of moral imperatives. Ethical dilemma is also known as moral dilemma where the person faces two choices and neither of which resolves the situation in a morally suitable fashion. Ethical dilemma assumes that people will abide by communal norms such as codes of rule or religious tradition to make the choice morally not possible. The main aim of the essay is to describe a work situation at past or present employment that posed an ethical dilemma and how the employee resolved to that ethical dilemma. The essay also discusses the ethical theories to assess whether the resolution was ethical or not. Managing ethics in businesses has become as essential part of the organization. Ethics are the behavior or the morals that an individual in a work place posses the way they present in workplace. Ethical dilemma is the paradox of choosing one option over the other as bo th the options available transgress each other. There are many ways in which a person at a work place can behave unethically. Unethical behavior means that the employees in an organization lacks moral principles and are unwilling to comply with the standards and codes of conduct set by an organization. For example sexually harassing female employees in an organization is an unethical behavior in the work place (Andrews, 2014). The essay discusses the ethical dilemmas that the employees in an organization often face and what methods do they apply to resolve the ethical dilemma. Many ethical theories have been used by the author to explain the situation of ethical dilemma at workplace. Since the major part of the time is spent at office people are likely to face ethical dilemma at workplace. But with some common understanding and strategies ethical dilemma can be resolved. Some common examples of ethical dilemma at work place are conducting personal business on company time, taking cr edit for others works and harassing behavior at the organization (Banks, 2012). Body: Ethical dilemma is the situation that arises because of the differences of the opinions of the employees at a workplace. Ethical dilemma can arise between two workers or can arise within a single person as well. Since different individual at a work place come from different background and culture ethical dilemma is bound to arise at a workplace because the thoughts of no two individual is same. Ethical dilemma can arise between a mangers and an employee as well in an organization. Some common ethical dilemmas at a workplace are discrimination between male and female participants at a workplace. Unethical behaviors are moving the female candidate to a higher position of authority just because she is facing harassment in a particular department (DesJardins McCall, 2014). The main ethical issues that employees at a workplace face is making long phone calls at companies cost, using the organizations assets for its own personal use, wasting time of the organization, corruption and bribery, taking leaves beyond what is permitted hampering the production of the company. Breaching the rules and laws of the organization and involving in action that is not in accordance with legal laws are also the unethical behavior that an organization faces. An employee involved in working in different companies and outsourcing the organizations data is also an unethical behavior that is not acceptable by the society or the organization. Even the employers of the organization face ethical dilemma at workplace. Favoritism is the common ethical dilemma that the managers in an organization face. The unethical behavior is favoring one candidate over the other in a work place and giving all the benefits to that person even though some other person is there that deserves to be rewarded. Another common ethical issue of employers is sexually harassing employees in an organization. Employers often terminate employees without any prior notice. This is also one of the unethical behaviors of employees at workplace. Employers also indulge in delaying the salary and payment of provident fund. This is also an example of breach of professional ethics at workplace (Durkheim, 2013). Ethical theories is the systematic theories explain the ethical dilemmas at work place that involves systematizing, protecting and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. The ethical theories are divided into three general categories as metaethics, normative ethics, applied ethics and deontology (Melden, 2013). Kantian ethics theory has been presented by a German philosopher Immanuel Kant. It is an example of deontological moral theory where the right or the wrong behavior at the organization does not depend on the results of or consequences but depends on the whether they fulfill the duty of the organization or not. Kantian business ethics theory involves categorical imperative that is the action that is capable of serving the basis of all universal law. It is the unconditional law that is applicable to all rational human beings and is independent of any personal motivation or aspiration. Kantian theory is a rule based theory that is universally accepted by everyone. It i s a duty oriented theories of ethics. The theory is used to determine whether one action by a person in a workplace is ethical or not in nature and it is solely based on the laws and regulations accepted universally. According to Kantian theory it is morally wrong to commit suicide because person is taking his life to further increase the hardship and misery. Kantian ethics is applicable to businesses and consumers, employers and employees and the global environment as whole. In case of employers and employees there exists one common code of conduct that must not be broken. The profit should not be maximized by utilizing the employees but it should be maximized keeping in mind the stakeholders of the organization. It is essential for people to adhere to the rules while fulfilling the duties (Louden, 2014). Utilitarianism theory explains that the best moral ethics or the actions are the one that maximizes the utility. The theory is based on the motive of the agent. It is an example of normative theory. There are many ways to measure utility but the best way to define utility is satisfying the well being of the sentiment of the entities. Utility is the pleasure that the human being derives after deducting the suffering from the actions considered. The theory is not only based on quantity aspect but also quality. Only that moral conduct or behavior is accepted in workplace that maximizes the utility of all the individuals or satisfies the needs of everyone in the society (Broad, 2014). The theory was developed by John Stuart Mill and was put forwarded by Jeremy Bentham. An act will be morally acceptable and will be considered ethical if it maximizes the happiness of people. An action is said to be right of it complies with the rules and the rightness or wrongness of any particular deed is said to depend on the universal rule. An action is said to be morally acceptable and regarded as ethical when the consequences or the results lead to happiness. Professional happiness will be achieved if the work allocated is done properly. Utilitarianism is a theory that helps to differentiate on what is wrong and what are right as so the things that are acceptable and considered ethical. Ethical behavior is the one that spreads positivity in a workplace. There are two types of utilitarian ethics practiced ion the job- rule utilitarianism and act utilitarianism. It means using the fairest method at the workplace to maximize the productivity and utility of the organization. Example of utilitarianism theory at workplace is the government allowing the release of a particular type of drugs that comes with known side effects but at the same time benefits the larger number of society by curing the diseases. In this situation the concept of ethical dilemma arises that whether the governm ent should allow the release of these medicines. According to utilitarian ethics the government will release the medicine as it benefits the larger section of the society. The main problem with the utilitarian theory is that it is difficult to achieve in workplace or business because in businesses people first think of themselves and then others. So the picture of whole society in the workplace is not included (Barrow, 2015). In the rights ethical theories the rights or the laws are given the maximum emphasis. It is set at the highest priority and is also protected. The casuist ethical dilemma is the theory that helps in comparing the present ethical dilemma that the organization faces with the similar examples of ethical dilemmas and its outcome. The virtual ethical theory is the one that judges a person on the basis of its characteristic and not on the basis of the actions that it presents. Various ethical theories and principles help the organization in decision making and differentiate various ethical behaviors and issues with a non ethical one. The behavior that is acceptable by the society is ethical. One weakness of the ethical theory is that the characteristics of individual are not taken into consideration and the decision is solely based on the actions or the act they perform (Wiltermuth Flynn, 2013). The first ethical dilemma faced was that of tax evasion in an accounting firm. The author was appointed as the one of the three partners in an accounting firm. The firm was working for a small and fast growing industry looking into its audit and financial statement. The terms with the directors if the company was very good and the accountant had all the idea of the operations of the firm. The accountant came to know that the goods purchased by the staff of the company were processed outside the accounting system to avoid taxes and use the funds for the coming Christmas party. Now the main dilemma is that whether the accountant should include the purchases of staff in the accounting system or not. Tax evasion is not considered as ethical behavior because its goes against the rue of conduct and it also harms the economy. The dilemma is that will the action of the accountant will hamper the relationship with the directors (Shapiro Gross, 2013). The accounting firm has solved this dilem ma by adopting proper steps to resolve it. The firm analyzed the key principles of the dilemma and divided it into the principles of integrity, objectivity, professional competence and professional behavior. The professional behavior will be to present the financial statement that is in accordance with the technical and professional standards. The maim aim of the firm is to protect its reputation. The dilemma is that whether including the staff purchase in financial statement will maintain the objectivity of the firm or will be cheating on the government. The ethical dilemma was resolved taking into consideration the facts and the parties being affected from the decision of the firm. The issue was resolved by conveying the proper course of action to the parties that are being affected that is to the directors of the company. The firm chose to include the staffs purchase in its accounting system as tax evasion is unethical behavior. Along with including it in the financial system the firm also suggested the alternate ways of raising funds for Christmas party. The dilemma was resolved successfully without hampering the interests of both the parties involved (Jennings, 2014). Another ethical dilemma that arises is in health care unit. The doctor who is strictly against abortion comes across a patient who wants to abort a child because pregnancy will put her life at risk. Now the ethical dilemma in this case is that whether the doctor will follow the rule or law against the abortion or will abort the child to save the patient. While resolving the ethical dilemma the doctor will firstly analyze the situation by preparing a questionnaire that that all will be benefited from the act, and who all will be hurt. The path chosen will prove to be ethical in long run or not. What are the harms and the benefits of the action or value? The doctor gives weight age to both the negative and positive consequences for the action. The decision of the doctor will depend on the consequences of the action. Since the patient is also ready for the abortion the doctor will resolve ethical dilemma by aborting the child. The reason for doing so is saving the life of patient who wa s at risk with pregnancy. If the doctor will follow an instinct that abortion is against the follow then the risk for the patient will increase. Resolving ethical dilemma will abort the child to save the patient (Wiltermuth Flynn, 2013). Another ethical dilemma that can arise at workplace or organization is the case of sexual discrimination and favoritism. The manager of one of the nig multinational company is in ethical dilemma as to whom it should promote to the higher level of position. A post for assistant manager is vacant in an organization. There are two people appropriate for the position. On one side is his daughter who has just done Masters in business administration from one of the top colleges of the world. On the other side is the employee who has been working in the organization for past fifteen years and has had a very good performance result since then his contribution to the organization has been remarkable (Herlihy Corey, 2014).Now the ethical dilemma here arises is who to choose between the two potential candidates for the position of assistant manager in the company. On one side is his family and the other side is experienced professional who have been serving in the company for a long period of time. The dilemma here is that if the director chooses his daughter for the position of assistant manager then it will be injustice for the employee who has been working in the company for so long and expecting to get a power of position. The ethical dilemma has not been solved yet as the manager is still in confusion as to whom it should choose. The best approach that will totally comply with ethics is keeping aside the favoritism at the workplace and avoiding personal relationship at workplace. According to the experts the choosing a fifteen year old experienced employee will prove too beneficial for the company as he will help the organization increasing the productivity. The justice will be to reward the person what he actually deserves (Robbins et al., 2013). There are various factors that put a person in an organization in dilemma. Personal friendship at a workplace is the greatest factor to put a person in an ethical dilemma. Another common ethical dilemma is extracting data from the organization by an ex employer of the company. An ethical dilemma situation arises when the ex employee of an organization extracts the confidential data from the organizations database and use it for its own personal benefit. Using someone elses finding for its benefit is against the ethics and is seriously punishable in law (Shaw, 2016). Another ethical dilemma situation is that when the employee of the organization is using the organizations assets for its own personal benefit. The rule and obligations of the firm is that employees are not allowed to take the companys assets home or cannot use for personal benefit. But since an employee of the firm is taking the companys assets for the office work only then the company will face an ethical dilemma. The rule set by the company should be equal for everyone in the organization. The company is benefiting because the office work is being done at home but the rule does not allow the employee to take the assets of the company home. The dilemma will be resolved if the organization allows the employees to take the companys assets home only when the employee is using the companys assets for the organizations benefits only (Reamer, 2013). Another common ethical dilemma in an organization is producing the goods that benefits the major section of society but harms the fewer ones. For example production of particular type of drugs benefits patience by curing diseases but it also have some known side effects. To some to be beneficial but to some it causes harms. The dilemma here that whether the organization should produce the particular type of good or not. In this case utilitarian approach or ethical theory will be used to resolve the dilemma. The organization will produce the product if it benefits the major section of society. Various ethical dilemmas can be resolved using various theories presented by various authors (Noddings, 2013). Conclusion: Ethical dilemmas are the situation that every employee or an employer has to face once or the other in an organization. The main issue is that how well and how quick the dilemma gets resolved. Resolving ethical dilemma includes many steps and methods. A manger has to consider the facts and then take proper decision based on its finding. There are many ethical theories that can be used to understand the situation of ethical dilemma at workplace. Many authors have been indulged in providing the ethical theories such as Kant, John and many others. Ethical dilemma is also known as moral dilemma that is a vey complex situation. The manager should or the employee should keep all the people in its mind before making any decision on resolving the ethical dilemma. Business dilemma is a situation where a person has to make a complex choice between the two situations. The choices are such that neither of the two scenarios is ethically acceptable. Proper training and information will help in sol ving the ethical dilemma. References: Advertisers' Ethical Dilemmas in Emerging Markets. (2016). INSEAD Knowledge. Retrieved 20 May 2016 Andrews, W. A. (2014). Identifying, Resolving, and Managing Common Ethical Dilemmas in the Workplace: An Experiential Approach.Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning,27. Badaracco Jr, J. (2013).Defining moments: When managers must choose between right and right. Harvard Business Press. Banks, S. (2012).Ethical issues in youth work. Routledge. Barrow, R. (2015).Utilitarianism: A contemporary statement. Routledge. Broad, C. D. (2014).Five types of ethical theory(Vol. 2). Routledge. Chell, E., Spence, L. J., Perrini, F., Harris, J. D. (2014). Social entrepreneurship and business ethics: does social equal ethical?.Journal of Business Ethics, 1-7. Dent, M., Whitehead, S. (Eds.). (2013).Managing professional identities: Knowledge, performativities and the'new'professional(Vol. 19). Routledge. DesJardins, J. R., McCall, J. J. (2014).Contemporary issues in business ethics. Cengage Learning. Durkheim, E. (2013).Professional ethics and civic morals. Routledge. Herlihy, B., Corey, G. (2014).ACA ethical standards casebook. John Wiley Sons. Jennings, M. (2014).Business ethics: Case studies and selected readings. Cengage Learning. Louden, R. B. (2014).Kant's impure ethics: from rational beings to human beings. Oxford University Press, USA. Melden, A. (2013).Ethical theories. Read Books Ltd. Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M., Jessop, J. (Eds.). (2012).Ethics in qualitative research. Sage. Noddings, N. (2013).Caring: A relational approach to ethics and moral education. Univ of California Press. Reamer, F. G. (2013).Social work values and ethics. Columbia University Press. Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., Boyle, M. (2013).Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Shapiro, J. P., Gross, S. J. (2013).Ethical educational leadership in turbulent times:(Re) solving moral dilemmas. Routledge. Shapiro, J. P., Stefkovich, J. A. (2016).Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge. Shaw, W. (2016).Business ethics: A textbook with cases. Cengage Learning. Weiss, J. W. (2014).Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Wiltermuth, S. S., Flynn, F. J. (2013). Power, moral clarity, and punishment in the workplace.Academy of Management Journal,56(4), 1002-1023.

Anne of Cleves

Anne of Cleves Dates: born September 22, 1515 (?), died July 16, 1557Married Henry VIII of England on January 6, 1540, divorced (annulled) July 9, 1540 Known for: safely divorcing from Henry and surviving Also known as: Anna von JÃ ¼lich-Kleve-Berg Ancestry: Like each of the wives of Henry VIII, as well as Henry himself, Anne could claim descent from Englands King Edward I. Father: John III the Peaceful, Duke of Cleves (died 1538) (he was a descendent of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy)Mother: Maria of JÃ ¼lich-BergBrother: William the Rich, Duke of JÃ ¼lich-Cleves-BergSister: Sybille, married to John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, Champion of the Reformation Anne was, as a young child, unofficially betrothed to Francis, heir to the Duke of Lorraine. About Anne of Cleves Jane Seymour, Henry VIIIs beloved third wife, had died. France and the Holy Roman Empire were forging an alliance. Though Jane Seymour had given birth to a son, Henry knew that he needed more sons to ensure the succession. His attention turned towards a small German state, Cleves, which might prove a solid Protestant ally. Henry sent his court painter Hans Holbein to paint the portraits of the princesses Anne and Amelia. Henry selected Anne as his next wife. Soon after the wedding, if not before, Henry was looking once again for a divorce. He was attracted to Catherine Howard, the political basis for the match was no longer as strong a motivation since France and the Holy Roman Empire were no longer allies, and he found Anne both uncultured and unattractive he is said to have called her Mare of Flanders. Anne, fully aware of Henrys marital history, cooperated in an annulment, and retired from court with the title Kings Sister. Henry gave her Hever Castle, where he had wooed Anne Boleyn, as her home. Her position and fortune made her a powerful independent woman, though there was little opportunity to exercise such power in any public sphere. Anne befriended Henrys children, riding in the coronation of Mary with Elizabeth. Bibliography: Anne of Cleves: Fourth Wife of Henry VIII, Mary Saaler, 1995. This book covers Annes years after her divorce, as one of the most powerful and wealthy women in the world.The Marrying of Anne of Cleves : Royal Protocol in Early Modern England, Retha Warnike. 2000.The Six Wives of Henry VIII, by Alison Weir, 1993.The Wives of Henry VIII, Antonia Fraser, 1993.Letters of the Queens of England 1100-1547, Anne Crawford, editor, 1997. Includes Anne of Cleves.Holbein and the Court of Henry VIII: Drawings and Miniatures from the Royal Library Windsor Castle, Reto Niggl and Jane Roberts, 1997. Religion: Protestant (Lutheran)

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Send this Essays Send this Essay Send this Essay As we mark the four-year anniversary of the American-led invasion of Iraq, we must consider all the evidence before us and come to an educated conclusion as to the best course of action for America to pursue.   I believe strongly that America must withdraw from Iraq.   This paper will outline the many factors that I believe lead to this conclusion.It is not overly pessimistic to focus on the reasons for going to war with Iraq, because understand the beginning of a story can better illuminate its most ideal conclusion.   The actual reason for invading Iraq, however, is something that historians will attempt to articulate for decades to come.   Different people have very different perceptions of why we invaded Iraq, but all of the reasons start at a common point: 9/11.We know, as a matter of widely-accepted fact, that Saddam Hussein and his government played absolutely no role in the 9/11 attacks.   We know this.   We also know, however, that if it w ere not for 9/11, we would not have invaded Iraq.   How do we account for this discrepancy? There was no causality; Iraq did not cause 9/11.   There was, however, some sort of correlation, which held that Iraq had something, something to do with the terrorist threat as it was manifested by al-Qaeda on 9/11.The Bush Administration attempted to illustrate this alleged correlation by saying that Saddam Hussein was a terrorist.   Since the people who attacked us were also terrorists, they were somehow related.   In terms of evidence that Saddam Hussein had been involved in specific acts of terrorism against the United States, however, there simply was none.There was also the fact that Saddam Hussein was a secular dictator who had spent most of his career torturing and killing religious radicals and Islamist terrorists of the sort that attacked America on 9/11.   America and Saddam Hussein had a common enemy in radical Islamists.   That is why America supported Saddam Hussein for many years.In addition, it was alleged that Saddam had stockpiled vast quantities of chemical and biological weapons (WMD) since 1998, when United Nations weapons inspectors had left Iraq.   Again, however, there was no hard evidence of these assertions, only rumors and an understandable lack of trust in Saddam Hussein’s word.The case for war held that after 9/11, we must overthrow Saddam Hussein before he gives his WMD to terrorists.   The flaw with this case was that Saddam had nothing to do with 9/11, there was no evidence of his cooperating with Islamist terrorists targeting America, and there was no evidence that he had WMD.So, in terms of the threat that Iraq posed to the United States, the only case that existed rested on huge leaps of faith and logic.   The second component to the case for war was that Saddam must be overthrown due to his brutality to the Iraqi people and due to the lack of democracy in the Middle East.   It was assumed that a lack of dem ocracy caused terrorism.   Unlike the case for WMD or ties to 9/11, this case was very easy for the American government to make.   No reasonable person could deny that Saddam Hussein was one of the most murderous leaders of the late 20th century, a sadist and a thug who belonged in a prison rather than a presidential palace.This, in part, is how America got sucked into this war.   Even if one did not believe all of the president’s assertions about the threat that Saddam Hussein posed to the United States, the idea of overthrowing this mass murderer was very appealing to most Americans.   The problem was that there was very little attention paid to the job that America would have in Iraq after Saddam was overthrown.Broadly speaking, the reasons given for war were the destruction of WMD stockpiles, the crushing of alleged terrorist groups in Iraq, the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, and the democratization of Iraq.   With these goals in mind, we will assess how the Unite d States has fared at each one and what the best course of action going forward should be.As we discovered after invading Iraq, Saddam Hussein had actually destroyed his WMD stockpiles in 1991.   This should be a major cause of embarrassment and concern for America’s intelligence agencies, but it can also serve as a relief to us in some sense.   The WMD threat is gone.   Saddam destroyed that threat himself twelve years before we invaded to do it for him.   Mission accomplished.As for overthrowing Saddam Hussein, that also has been achieved.   Saddam Hussein has been overthrown, captured, and tried and executed by his countrymen.   By definition, whatever threat Saddam Hussein may have posed to the United States in now gone.   So, again, mission accomplished.   If our only goals in Iraq were the limited and pragmatic ones of removing Saddam and his weapons, we could have declared victory and withdrawn from Iraq years ago.   We have other goals, however.   Reference to the brief list above tells us that the two outstanding tasks in Iraq are democratizing the country and riding it of terrorists.We must weigh whether we should stay in Iraq against the possibilities of achieving these final two goals and the costs this will entail.   I believe that, for a variety of reasons, the costs involved in pursuit of these goals are far too great and uncertain to justify keeping the American military in Iraq.We know that the number of Islamist terrorists in Iraq has increased exponentially since the American invasion.   In four years, the American military has not been able to destroy or significantly weaken these groups.   The most well-known Islamist terrorist group in Iraq is Al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia, which did not exist prior to the American invasion.The fact that the invasion of Iraq created far more terrorists than it destroyed is not a reason to leave Iraq.   However, the fact that the American military has not been able to defeat th ese groups in four years of warfare makes it appear very unlikely that the American military has the solution to this problem.While the Islamist terrorist groups and the remnants of Saddam Hussein’s regime have killed thousands of American soldiers, most violence in Iraq is carried out by Iraqis on other Iraqis.   In other words, the war in Iraq is not primarily a war between terrorists and Americans; it is primarily a civil war between Iraqis.   In order to form a rational policy, Americans must understand that they are not at the center of this conflict; they are merely a side component to an Iraqi civil war.The rise of terrorist groups is directly related to the failure of democracy in Iraq.   After Saddam’s dictatorship was crushed, Iraq was opened to a flood of people and ideas, many of whom were hostile to the United States and to the idea of a democratic Iraq.   Again, the resistance to a democratic Iraq is not primarily driven by anti-Americanism; it is primarily driven by local factors.Iraq, like all Arab countries, was historically dominated by Sunni Muslims.   Since Iraq is the only major Arab state with a Shi’ite Muslim majority, a democratic Iraq by definition means an Iraq dominated by Shi’ites.   Many powerful forces in the Arab world, including most of Iraq’s neighbors, reject the idea of a Shi’ite-dominated Arab state.   This resistance does not revolve around anti-Americanism; it revolves around a split between Sunni and Shi’ite Muslims that evolved a millennium before the United States existed.My goal here is to illustrate that the problems plaguing Iraq are local problems, with roots and causes stretching back centuries, that the United States neither created nor can hope to control.   Overthrowing a government and disarming a country are tasks that the American military can accomplish.   They did so swiftly and surely in 2003.   Changing the hearts and minds of millions o f Iraqis and convincing them to live peacefully together in a democratic state that is friendly to American interests is not a task for the American military; it is a task for the Iraqi people, or for nobody at all.Since our own military and political leaders have acknowledged that there is no military solution to the problem in Iraq, the American military presence there simply incurs escalating costs with little or no prospect of reward.   We will now examine those costs and see how they point to the logic of withdrawal.In terms of the human costs, we know with great precision what the toll has been on the American side.   Approximately 3,200 Americans have died, with about 24,000 wounded.   The Iraqi toll is harder to gauge and depends in large part on how the numbers are extrapolated.   There is no doubt, however, that the toll of Iraqi dead is at the very least ten times the American toll, and in all probability far, far greater.There are two considerations to bear in mi nd with these figures.   Firstly, while 3,200 military deaths is quite few compared to other American wars, it is far too many when one takes into account the most likely reward for these sacrifices.   In other words, when the point of the sacrifice is convoluted and ambiguous, the losses carry far more weight than they do when the goals are clear and the cause is just.Secondly, the scores of thousands of Iraqis who have been killed must weigh on the conscience of the United States.   While most of these Iraqis may have been killed by their own countrymen rather than the American military, the American military created the power vacuum that allowed violence to explode throughout Iraq.   Most of the Iraqi dead are not America’s enemies killed by America’s military; they are innocent people who the American military has for years been unable to protect.The financial cost has also been astronomical.   Unlike the Gulf War of 1990-91, American did not have many al lies when it invaded Iraq, so it has paid for the war itself.   To make matters worse, it has paid for the war with borrowed money, passing the bill on to future generations of Americans.   As the direct costs approach half a trillion dollars, one is awed by the fact that officials in the Defense Department speculated before the war that it would pay for itself via Iraqi oil sales.   Again, as with the human cost, the issue is not so much the figures as it is the gain.   What have we gained with our $500 billion investment?American reconstruction efforts have failed on a variety of levels.   One of the most important factors in winning the trust of an occupied population is to provide them with the everyday necessities and utilities needed to go about their lives.   Since the American invasion, oil output and electricity levels in urban centers are lower than they were under Saddam Hussein.   Unemployment is also rampant.   This is not to argue that America should no t try to fix the electricity; it is to argue that, after four years, why should we expect that they will suddenly be able to?As it became clear that the WMD stockpiles did not exist and that Saddam Hussein was permanently out of power, the original justifications for the war seemed to be evaporating.   Many came to feel that the WMD argument had been deliberately distorted; they felt they had been lied to.   For many Americans, however, there remained one satisfaction that it seemed impossible to reverse.   Whatever the mistakes made, the new Iraq could not possible be a worse place to live for Iraqi people than Saddam’s Iraq.   As we examine the costs that the Iraqis are paying, however, we can no longer be assured even of this.As noted above, Iraqis have less electricity now than under Saddam.   They are exporting less oil.   Under Saddam Hussein, the government had a monopoly on violence, which it used to brutalize and terrorize its own people.   However, the re was some semblance of order; one could walk down the street in Baghdad and not fear being blown up or beheaded while they shopped for groceries.   Now, although the brutal government is gone, Iraq is the most dangerous place on earth for the people who must live there.If there were no WMD, if Saddam is dead, if we have not improved the living standards or security of normal Iraqis in four years, and if Iraq is now engulfed in a civil war between Sunni and Shi’ite Muslims, why is the American military still in Iraq?   The administration holds that the democratically elected Iraqi government must be defended against terrorists, but this is to vastly oversimplify the nature of the problem and America’s ability to influence events.The elected Iraqi government is dominated by Shi’ite Muslims but, as noted above, the minority Sunni Muslims largely refuse to accept their legitimacy.   To most Iraqis, the civil war is not about democracy versus terrorism.   I t is about Sunni versus Shi’ite domination.   By supporting the Iraqi government, the United States is effectively siding with the Shi’ites against the Sunni in Iraq’s civil war.There are several dangers to this course of action.   Firstly, the American military should not be used to intervene directly in foreign nations’ civil wars.   This was one of the lessons of Vietnam.   Secondly, by siding with the Shi’ites, the Americans anger many of its traditional Sunni allies.   Thirdly, we have every reason to believe that the Shi’ites of Iraq are far more loyal to Iran than to the United States.   This should not surprise us, but it should make us pause before supporting them blindly.The administration insists on referring to Iraq as the central front of the war on terror.   When doubt is cast on this assertion, officials point out that Osama bin Laden himself has made this claim.   This approach is damaging for several reasons.    Firstly, we should not allow Osama bin Laden to dictate the context of our actions and thereby create a paradigm whereby leaving Iraq means surrendering in the war on terror.   Secondly, it ignores the fact that the American invasion made Iraq a nexus of international terror groups.   Thirdly, it is incredibly dismissive and contemptuous towards the Iraqi people.If this war, called Operation Iraqi Freedom, is really about what’s best for the Iraqi people, then America has made a grave error.   Certain politicians may claim that it is better to fight the enemy in Baghdad than in New York, but what does this mean for Iraqis and other Arabs and Muslims, whose hearts and minds we must win in order to win this war?   The American invasion caused the implosion of the Iraqi state, the opening of its borders, and a flood of literally hundreds and hundreds of suicide bombers into Iraq.   If part of our â€Å"war on terror† involves creating a magnet for terrorist s in other peoples’ countries, is this really in our best interest?   Do we decrease terrorism by drawing the terrorists into the neighborhoods of people we claim to be â€Å"liberating†?   The American invasion and occupation has made Iraq a haven for terrorists; does this decrease or increase the chances that Iraqi-based terrorist will attack the United States?The American war in Iraq must be stopped on behalf of two constituencies: the American people and the Iraqi people.   Both have been the losers in this war.   America lost the trust of many long-time allies, the moral high ground in the war on terror, hundreds of billions of dollars, massive amounts of military equipment, thousands of men and women, and a great deal of prestige and respect.The Iraqi people undoubtedly gained something, in that they are now free from the tyranny of Saddam Hussein.   However, they have subsequently lost much more.   Their standard of living has not improved noticeably , their capital city is the most dangerous in the world, and their society is being torn apart by civil war.If this war is costing the American and Iraqi people so much with so little gain, it must be ended.   The aftermath of an American withdrawal would surely lead to more chaos and bloodshed in Iraq.   The only point is staying, however, is if America can positively guide the conflict to a resolution.   Unfortunately, we have four years worth of evidence that suggests that Iraq’s problems are far beyond the capabilities of America to fix.   Indeed, they may even be beyond the capabilities of Iraq itself.

Child abuse as a social issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Child abuse as a social issue - Essay Example A child can develop well only when he gets proper education and health care facilities. Well-being of children can be assured only when the society has the ability to protect the rights of its children and safeguard them from injury and abuse (Jack & Gill, 2010, p.82). Child welfare agencies are formed for protection of children and their all round development. These agencies make their decisions regarding their child protection policies about permanent well-being of children. These decisions are based on interviews taken of children and families who have been reported for child abuse or neglect. The efficiency of child welfare policies depends on the ability of the agencies to conduct proper investigations of the mistreatment received by the child. Only precise conclusions about safety of children derived from the information collected from such investigations can build effective case plans. Workers of these agencies who take the responsibilities of taking interviews of children mus t have the knowledge and skills to make emotional inquiries in a sensitive manner. The agencies should be able to impart necessary values and knowledge to their workers through effective training in order to fulfill their child safety missions (Pence, 2011, p.50). Over the past three decades the philosophy and strategies of determining whether intervention is necessary in situations where a child is abused or has the potential risk of being harmed or injured have altered. The traditional method of child maltreatment investigations which involved participation of criminal and juvenile laws has evolved. Now, there are more â€Å"understanding of risk and safety, political pressures, implementation of evidence-based and research-supported interventions, philosophical shifts, and other variables† (Pence, 2011, p.51). Where traditionally the agency workers used to take action based on complaints of abuse, now take necessary steps to collect correct information regarding the truth and extent of maltreatment and what case plans should be made to ensure the safety of the children and promote protective behavioral patterns in the caretakers (Pence, 2011, p.51). There are many factors that determine the shape of child welfare services – the number of children in a population who are abused or are at risk, the social and economic conditions of the families and their technological advancement, prevailing ideologies concerning the children and the other members of their families, political pressure from different groups, and the principal views about reasons behind poverty, illness and crime. One criteria that is a permanent issue of child welfare agencies is to find solution to problems of those children whose parents cannot provide proper care. Although the proposed solution is â€Å"permanency planning†, history suggests that such planning cannot abolish the need of wide-ranging public provisions for children who are poor, neglected or disabled (Mal lon & Hess, 2005, p.10). The rate of child abuse has grown significantly all over the world and is essentially evident in North America and Western Europe. Between the years 1980 to 1993, the number of children who have been subject to mistreatment has doubled. This is a grave matter which has imposed great strains on the child welfare age

European Illegal Immigration Crisis Research Paper

European Illegal Immigration Crisis - Research Paper Example It must be noted that there is a completely different point of view when it comes to determining whether the current European illegal immigrant crisis is likely to end any time soon. Even though ISIS can be defeated, the legitimacy of Al Assad’s presidency is quite debatable and the key geopolitical players can hardly agree on it . What is more important is that the more illegal immigrants enter Europe, the more people outside of this region learn about secret routes that can be used to enter the European countries . The longer the illegal immigration exists, the more developed it becomes and more and more people might choose to enter the country illegally which causes a significant security dilemma. What is more important is that some countries do not treat the contemporary situation as a crisis. E.g. Germany sees the increasing number of people who are willing to seek refuge in it, but instead of regulating this influx, the government says that there will be no cap on the to tal number of immigrants . Furthermore, the involvement of the Russian Federation might have had positive consequences at first, but in the long run it will contribute to the political instability in Syria . Since there is one more significant political power to be taken into account, the peaceful resolution of the armed conflict and, consequentially, illegal immigrant crisis is not likely to be achieved any time soon. One immigrant should keep in mind that while the majority of them come of Syria, there are other countries involved as well .